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With what force do substances expand when heated?

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With what force do substances expand when heated?

Take, for example, water, pour it into a sealed container and heat it. With what force is it expanding and is it even possible to withstand this force? When heated, the distance between the atoms increases? If this parameter does not change, then the substance will not heat up? dontknow shok

But what about metals? They generally expand with monstrous power. If this force is bottomless, can we build a perpetual motion machine? popcorn
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The key word is “heat” ... That is, “we bring energy”.
.. Of course, this is theoretically possible .. But it will not be “Perpetuum”, but just another type of heat engine ...
Yes, and difficult to do ...
+1
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Searched a question ... When heating steel, a magnet is attracted to it .....


But NONE ONE scientist of the world will answer this question for you !!!
We have long learned how to use magnetic fields and radio waves ... We know how they act on something ... We can fix them with our devices ...

But so far no one knows what it is !!!
... Everyone knows that a magnet attracts ... But HOW DOES he do it - so far no one knows !!!
Author 0
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Or another example. You can make a lever engine based on thermal expansion. We heat one lever, it becomes longer, at the ends of the levers weights. This longer lever lowers to the lowest point. The lever cools down and the weights are aligned again and so on in a circle ....
Author 0
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Searched for a question ... When heating steel, a magnet is attracted to it more weakly than to cold. Somewhere on YouTube I saw an engine on a candle and a magnet, I can not find.

So, can a magnetic field somehow “change” the temperature of a metal in such an engine? Theoretically, we heat the metal to a certain heat, and then the same heat can be “removed” in the same volume. But the engine can complete the cycle during this time and generate “free” energy, where from?
Author 0
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Valery,
In general, if the body is compressed, when heated it does not expand at all, it just heats up. And the more it warms up, the more it will expand with greater force if you release the vise. By analogy with water and steam.

The stronger the metal expands, the less force and vice versa ...
0
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from zinc (the highest coefficient of expansion) in the "vice" of tungsten (low coefficient of expansion)

Well ... You already confirm in your observations what I stated above .... You see, "everything converges" .. Someone’s crystal lattice will fly apart much earlier, right? )))) I wonder whose ??? At whom atoms are weaker attracted to each other and because of this they "wobble" more strongly, having received equal portions of energy ???
And who's who ...?


Why, in general, the question ??? ...
Yes, no one, no one ... If the threaded part of the vise can withstand, then they will simply heat up ... At the same time, they will also expand ... True, not as intensively as zinc, in which tungsten is clamped ....))))). Gee ...
..In these experiments, the vice should also be "tricky" - grab the workpiece from all sides, and even compress it from these sides evenly ... (In short, "The horse is spherical in a vacuum!"). Otherwise, there will be a mechanical deformation of the body, which has nothing to do with our experiments ... And the question "who is whom" will answer: "Zinc itself, because tungsten is stupidly stronger mechanically!" )))))
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So the expansion coefficient of metals is different ... Clamp, for example, an object made of zinc (the highest expansion coefficient) in the "vice" of tungsten (low expansion coefficient). And who's who ...?
0
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BUT AS????

If we are talking about a banal mechanical limitation of volume, then this method involves the contact of two bodies! And upon contact, the atoms of the body will give energy to the atoms of support! If the support does not begin to move mechanically, then it will heat up ... But the transfer of energy will still happen! Either energy is expended on the WORK (shift of the support), or simply "flows" into its same atoms (heating). Initially, of course, "try to move" ....
As in the example with the bullet: if she can’t do the job (she’s too tough for her)))), then she gets warm ..
Author 0
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Valery,
and if you forbid the body to expand? To bind What will happen inside?
0
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.. the question is whether it takes more energy to heat than .....

Spent !!! Must be spent ...
... I'll try to explain in the same style in which I once explained to my daughter ...))))
So, we know that temperature is the random movement of particles. That is, atoms jerk back and forth ... We touch the body with our fingers ... His twitching atoms push with the atoms of our fingers and they also begin to jerk .. We feel warm !!!
The more we bring energy (heat), the stronger they will twitch !!! (This is the temperature). At "absolute zero" the atoms have completely stopped! All!!! It is impossible to divert energy from them (remove heat) - it is over !!! At the same time, the atoms attracted to each other at the closest distance! (Nothing prevents them from doing this) ...
We begin to bring energy (to heat). Atoms receive energy ... (In pure form, and not in those that are felt by our senses !!!). What can they do with her ??? Only move !!! (They don’t know anything anymore))) So, getting it, they begin to “move” ... First, a little bit ... Then it’s stronger and stronger ... The amplitude increases ... They need more space for this .. . And gradually, they are "shaken", increasing the distance between themselves ... (Thermal expansion) ...
If you bring energy further (continue to warm), then the moment will inevitably come when this shaking of them will destroy the crystal lattice !!! Atoms will accumulate so much energy that they overcome gravitational forces and come off from each other !!! (Transition to another state of aggregation - LIQUID !!!). If you continue to warm - they no longer jerk !! They are already flying, “colliding and ricocheting” ... And the moment will come when their energy will allow them to fly apart from each other over generally enormous distances (GAS !!!)

And the energy that we brought (heat) ...SHE WASN'T HERE ANYTHING !!!! It was just "divided between particles) and each particle has its part !!! (That's why it flies!)))). Theoretically, it can be taken back from them ... And they will slowly lose their speed ... (And what they can still lose with constant weight ???))))).
As energy is diverted, they will come closer ... Everything "went back" ...
... And then they again “stuck together” into the crystal lattice (But they still twitch a little ... We haven’t taken all the energy from them yet ... Therefore, gravitational forces cannot pull them all the way “completely into each other” ( The body is expanded) ... But now we have taken all ... It’s over for them ... They have no strength to jerk !!! (Moreover, in the literal sense! To apply POWER, you need to spend ENERGY! And they have it not anymore!!!)))).
Gravity joyfully pulled them together, until they stuck together ...
All!!! Peace !!! ABSOLUTE ZERO !!! -273 !!! ... According to damned Celsius !!! ....))))))))

So ... Energy ANYWHERE NOT DONE !!! She was no more, no less !!! How much we “poured”, so much and then took away !!!
But, if they had taken it away earlier ... If in the middle of this process we had taken the energy from the atoms by means of mechanics, and not heat, then they simply, having lost it, would have drawn closer faster ... (The body has cooled down).

What am I ... Energy - it is energy !!! It can be mechanical or thermal for our senses ... But for atoms it is the same !! (At their level, “heat” is movement!) And when the body, expanding, does some kind of work, this means the removal of energy YOU SUMMED UP EARLIER. The body cools down !!! ...
P.S. As an example ... A flying bullet has energy! Stop her abruptly !!! (Strike in the armor). The energy that was previously spent on flying a bullet can no longer provide this flight !!! But the bullet atoms have this energy .. And they will start using it with the only method available to them: move - the bullet will heat up !!!
P.P.S. I anticipate: do not confuse the concepts of "energy", "power" and "work". These concepts are different !!! Although related ...
(Simply, most of the “Perpetummobilists” just do this ...
0
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If you are behind the lashes, then yes, there may be several lashes there for several kilometers. But at the end, it’s still a butt link, so that it would be possible to change summer-winter.
0
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it makes sense to experiment ... the question is whether it takes more energy to spend on heat than what will come from the expansion of the metal ...
0
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the jumpers are unambiguous ... especially when the trains run on them ... for example, for Hyundai (high-speed train) there is not one jumper ... or one thick ... so that the contact is the best ... Hyundai eats a lot of current ... When to go at high speed by train, then the joint can shake the train badly ... It happens that you go by train and it does not knock on wheels ... then through what ... if not due to welding ... I almost did not see any joints on the tram rails. ..there are really welded rails ...
0
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Now it is customary to weld rails for trams at the joints ... and for trains too ...
is where you saw this? It is not rails that are welded, but lintels are welded at the joints. The rail is zero + (on the railway) along the rail, signals are received about the state of the path in front of the train. And in order that there would be no emissions in the summer, and in the winter the rails would not break, in certain areas the rails should be shorter or longer.
Author 0
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The degree of expansion is different. Everything can be done on a bimetallic element. The question is how power and heat are interconnected. Is there any reason
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Dmitrij,
if you use it as a moving force in the engine ... then the problem right away is where to stick this metal or mercury (you will forge a copper bolt in length, and it will expand in width, like the rails of a train) ... And the vessel in which is metal .. . also expands ... then the vessel needs to be cooled ... in the middle the metal can be heated for example with a heating element ... and how to lay it inside the wire ... they will also splash with the ten and burst ... you know what the catch is ...
Author 0
Reply To quote A complaint
That device is so that something was) And you can heat it from the inside, for example by voltage. Or an inductive furnace .. Yes, there are many ways.

It is enough to forge a copper bolt along the length, say.It is also interesting how mercury expands.
0
Reply To quote A complaint
in your picture the device does not show the force, but rather the extension length ... To determine the force, the metal must be forged from all sides (not only in length) ... Then the problem is how to heat it ...
In I once wrote ... water under a pressure of 20,000 atm is ice (solid) that melts at a temperature of +80 Celsius .. other substances are similar to be rolled ... Metal can become more dense if it cannot expand (like this water at 20,000 atm) ...
Author 0
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Steam is not right, it is a transition of a substance to another state. Everything is simple there, the temperature is directly proportional to the pressure. Higher temperature and pressure - further boiling point.
0
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DMITRIJ also thought about it ... it expands with terrible power ... everything depends on temperature ... the higher it is, the greater the expansion force ... I wrote to you about the Archimedes Cannon ... there the principle of operation is similar (although there is steam) - the water is heated very much ... and then the valve is opened and the cannonball crashes with terrible speed ... it is interesting that there is no gunpowder in this gun ... only water and temperature!
Now it is customary to weld the rails for trams at the junctions ... and for trains too ... so the rails cannot expand in summer in the summer ... then they either become crooked (if the sleepers are allowed) ... or expand to the other side ... for example up ...

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