To carry out the design of foundations, you need to know the groundwater level (UWG) of your area, the bearing capacity of the soil, the depth of freezing, the vertical composition of the soil itself.
Typically, foundations are made of reinforcement and concrete.
Various forces act on the foundation: the weight of the house itself, the forces of frost heaving, both horizontal and vertical.
Foundations must be isolated from moisture.
Around the foundation, you need to fill with non-porous fillers (usually sand)
The following basic types of foundation are available:
- columnar;
- Tiled;
- Tape;
They, in turn, are also divided into separate subgroups.
Column foundations
As is already clear by their name, columnar foundations are made of pillars.
The most common are pillars buried in the ground. It should be borne in mind that deepening should be done below the existing freezing point.
Previously, the most common were columns laid out of concrete blocks or bricks. If possible, it is necessary to lay reinforcement in the pole.
The technology is as follows: a pit of a larger diameter breaks out than a pole and then the masonry itself is laid out.
Following are the pillars that were cast from concrete. Here the technology is as follows: either, as in the very first version, pits are dug, then formwork is made of wood, usually square. Fittings are laid inside. It is necessary to take into account the fact that in this case the reinforcing belt must be rectangular, with horizontal strong ties. Pour concrete. After the concrete has dried, the formwork is removed. The void between the freshly cast pillar and the ground is filled with sand.
Concrete must be “bayoneted” during laying - that is, compacted. More competently will apply construction vibrators.
Another method is the implementation of drilling land with a drill. Then make a "soft formwork", usually from roofing material, fastened by wire. The roofing material must be inserted into the well, then the welded reinforcing belt is inserted in advance or the reinforcement is simply crammed. Everything is poured with concrete.
If you can do without the use of roofing material, then you need to insert an asbestos cement pipe, concrete, reinforcement into the well. Sand is also filled between the ground and the pipe.
In all these cases, a gravel-sand mixture is poured at the bottom of the well done.
Another option is TISE.This is such a special drill, capable of doing some expansion at the end of the well itself. In short, it will look like this:
Some after making pillars also make a grillage. In other words, the posts are joined together by casting a special concrete tape, or they make a welded structure. See the top of the pictures.
Strip foundations
Everything is also very simple here. The principle is about the same. A pit is being torn around the entire perimeter. Do armopoyas, formwork, pour concrete.
After hardening, the formwork must be removed. It is very desirable to treat the entire existing underground part with some kind of waterproofing. It will be best to do this with mastic, and not with ordinary rolls of roofing material. That is, the waterproofing should be "glued" to the underground part.
In addition, for the strip foundation, special "vents" must be provided. They are through holes in the above-ground, external part of the foundation, which are designed to provide underground ventilation.
Shallow foundation
Currently, shallow or not deepened at all foundations are widespread. The essence of making such a foundation is that the soil is removed below the freezing point and filled with non-porous materials: gravel and sand. Then the foundation is made as such from the “zero” mark.
In the case of organization of strip foundations by a similar technique, it is possible not only to make a trench under the foundation itself, but also to make the foundation pit completely, filling it with gravel / sand under the house.
Slab foundation
A plate is cast around the perimeter of the house. They also cast it on a gravel and sand pillow.
Armopoyas is naturally necessary.
Sometimes a plinth is also cast immediately on the stove. Everything will depend on the specific existing project at home.
Blind area
This is the part that is sometimes cast along with the foundation itself (plate or tape):
