Heat generators for water heating
For heating private home or apartments usually use one heat source. And for central heating systems, at least two boilers are required. Such a device should have the main quality - reliability.
The apartment heat generators are equipped with a chimney (5-7 m high) through which gases are removed. The draft in the pipe is small, and in order to avoid smoke coming out of the furnace, the gas resistance should be minimal.
Heat generators must be reliable and have the least hydraulic resistance.
In order to increase the circulation pressure, the heat generator is positioned as low as possible.
In normal placement, the appliance is placed on the floor, thereby creating a minimum height. The fuel is poured into the furnace after 3-5 hours, and it is cleaned several (1-2) times a day.
Heat generators made of cast iron or steel are very popular. They are used in conjunction with household stoves. If you have to choose between a cast iron and steel boiler, it is better to prefer the first.
A cast-iron boiler has not only strength, but also a relatively inexpensive cost.
In addition, boilers are assembled from separate parts. When repairing, you can limit yourself to replacing the old section with a new one.
Warranty period for a cast iron boiler is at least 20 years (the rest is up to 10 years).
As already mentioned, heat generators are produced as a set. It includes: an expansion tank, a thermometer in the frame and a ruff for cleaning gas ducts. If the boiler is designed for heating with solid fuel, a torch, poker and a coal scoop are also included.
Universal boilers are also available. They operate on both liquid and gaseous fuels. In this case, a burner with a safety switch is included.
For heating, heat generators use coal, anthracite, coke or low-ash fuel (in briquettes). Use only the combustion chamber of the top burning. If firewood is used for heating, it is necessary to increase the height of the furnace. And when heated with gas or liquid fuel, the firebox must be replaced.
As a rule, small-volume boilers have small convective surfaces. This is directly related to the efficiency. To increase the efficiency and reduce the temperature of the exhaust gases, the boiler is connected to the chimney through a heating shield.
In case of draft deterioration (usually this happens when the boiler is melted), the forward flap is opened and the gases go into a straight pipe. Do the same at the beginning of the heating season, i.e., before the first firebox. The damper is closed during normal thrust.
Nowadays, cast iron boilers of the KChMM, KChMM-2 brands, etc. are most often used.
A similar device consists of three sections, the necessary headset is located on two of them (extreme). The sections above are equipped with a sheet steel casing. Between the casing and the cast-iron sections there is a thermal insulation of sheet asbestos. The grate of this boiler is partially cooled and has a leveling device.
Other types of boilers differ in the number of sections and the structure of the grate.
All boilers operate on heating water to a temperature of 90-95 ° C and with a pressure of up to 200 kPa.
Boilers made of cast iron have their drawbacks.
They require manual support for a constant thickness of the fuel layer on the grate. In addition, such boilers are heavy and difficult to install.
Steel welded boilers are produced in the form of a rectangular pedestal. The inner firebox is surrounded by a so-called water shirt. In the lower part of the device there is a grate with an ash door, and at the top there is a loading hatch.
There are several grades of steel boilers -KS-1, KS-2, KS-3 and KS-4. All of them work on coal, anthracite, and also on liquid fuel. When burning solid fuel in such boilers, there are some difficulties with ignition. To avoid this, in a house with a burner on a cylinder (liquefied) gas, a special kindling agent is used.
Steel boiler is arranged as follows.
At the top of the boiler there is an outlet for combustion products. Primary air is supplied through the grate, and the secondary air passes over a layer of firewood. Primary air is necessary for the combustion of solid fuels; secondary decomposes the remainder.
The main distinguishing feature of a steel boiler is its versatility. A similar device is used not only for heating the room, but also for hot water supply.
For heating low houses and individual apartments use steel gas heat generators.
They have a small hydraulic resistance, so they can be used in water heating systems with natural circulation.
A similar apparatus consists of a vertical cylindrical tank, a casing, a gas burner with a pilot and a gas exhaust device. Between the tank and the casing there is insulation, which is used as glass wool.
Directly above the outlet of the flame tube there is a traction chopper. In the lower part there is a low-pressure burner with a fixed
on the bracket with a pilot light. It has two flames, one of them serves to ignite the main burner, and the other heats the thermocouple junction.
The device is equipped with automatic safety and regulation systems.
The water heater is launched into operation only after filling it with water. To do this, open any of the hot water taps and check if water flows out of it under pressure.
Then unscrew the faucet on the flue, bring the lit match to the igniter and open the faucet. After a few minutes, the electromagnet button is pulled to failure (leaving it in its original place). If the ignitor is on, open the tap of the main burner and light it. In the case when the burner does not burn and the igniter goes out, it is set on fire again only after 2-3 minutes.
Starting the water heater, close the door and check for vacuum in the chimney. For this, a lit match is introduced there. If there is no vacuum in the chimney, you must not use the device.
The temperature controller stops the gas supply when the water is heated to a certain temperature. Work resumes when the temperature drops by 5-10 ° C. The required temperature can be set by rotating the right lower nut of the automation unit. So, with an increase, the nut is turned up, and with a decrease - down.
In order to turn off the water heater, close the pilot valve and the main burner valve. After that, screw on the gas pipe in front of the device.
The highest quality device is currently considered AOZHV-9.
The device is a floor metal cabinet with hinged lids. Its front cover provides access for control. From above, the “cabinet” is covered with a heat-insulating cover with a screen. There is a smoke box on the back of the water jacket of the heat exchanger. There is a gate on it, designed to change the direction of gas movement.
The device has a number of advantages over other heat generators.
It has high heat dissipation, prevents the occurrence of cold and hot areas in the apartment, evenly distributes heat throughout the room.
Finally, the apparatus is easily cleaned of soot and soot. To do this, just remove the cover of the combustion chamber and use a scraper to remove dirt.
Mixed heating and cooking heat generators
In a small private house or in the country You can install a boiler for water heating and a stove for cooking.
The stove and the heating device work separately from each other, because they are equipped with independent fireboxes and chimneys.
It is more profitable and more convenient to use devices with a mixed design.
They are presented in the form of water boxes and coils that are built into the chimney of an oven or stove.
The heat generator runs on solid fuel, and it is suitable not only for heating rooms with an area of 50 mg, but also for cooking.
The generator is made in the form of a rectangular pedestal with enameled side surfaces.
Such a mechanism consists of a prefabricated firebox, rear and side walls, a welded tubular heat exchanger, a water barrel, an oven and flooring. The latter is divided into two plates made of cast iron. Below are special boxes for storing fuel.
The movement of gases in a dual-fuel system can be regulated depending on the time of year.
In winter, gases are released into the chimney sweeps without getting into the oven, and in the summer after the oven they are sent into the chimney, bypassing the chimney sweeps.
The heating and cooking parts can be used both together and separately, which is very convenient in any conditions.